Limitation Law

1. Citation and application. (1) This Law may be cited as the Limitation Law. (2) Nothing in this Law affects actipns in respect of the title to land or any interest in land held by customary tenure or in respect of any matter which is subject to the jurisdiction of a customary court relating to marriage, family status, guardianship of children, inheritance or disposition of property on death.

2. Interpretation. In this Law unless the context otherwise require - "action" includes any proceeding (other than a criminal proceeding) in a court established by law;. "land" includes land held under a right of occupancy or any other tenure; "mortgage" includes an equitable mortgage; "other limitation enactment" means any enactment (other than this Law) relating to the limitation of actions; "personal injuries" includes any disease and any impairment of a person's physical or mental condition; "personal representative" means the executor, original or by Representation, or the administrator of the estate of a deceased person; "rent" means a rent payable under a lease or other contract or terfancy (whether in writing or whether express or implied) and includes a rent payable under any enactment; "State" means Delta State of Nigeria; "sub-lease" means a legal interest created by a transfer in writing of a right of occupancy for a specific period of time, also the right so transferred or the document containing such transfer; "tenancy" means the holding or possession of land or buildings thereon for any term.

3. Time limit for actions to recover land. No action shall be brought by any person to recover any land after the expiration of ten years from the date on which the right of action accrued to him or if it first accrued to some person through whom he claims to that person.

4. Accrual of right of action in case of present interests in land. (1) Where the person bringing an action to recover land, or some person through whom he claims, has been in possession thereof, and has while entitled thereto been dispossessed or discontinued his possession, the right of action shall be deemed to have accrued on the date of the dispossession or discontinuance. (2) Where any person brings an action to recover land of a deceased person, whether under a will or on intestacy, and the deceased person was on the date of his death in possession of the land and was the last person entitled to the land to be in possession thereof, the right of action shall be deemed to have accrued on the date of his death. (3) Where any perSon brings an action to recover land, being an interest in possession assured otherwise than by will to him, or to some person through whom he claims, by a person who, at the date when the assurance took effect, was in possession of the land, and no person has been in possession of the land by virtue ofthe assurance, the right of action shall be deemed to have accrued on the date when the assurance took effect.

5. Accrual of right of action in cases of future interests. (1) Subject as hereafter in this section provided, the right of action to recover any land shall, in a case where the interest claimed was an interest in reversion or remainder or any other future interest and no person has taken possession of the land by virtue ofthe interest claimed, be deemed to have accrued on the date on which the interest fell into possession by the determination of the preceding interest. (2) If the person entitled to the preceding interest was not in possession of the lartd on the date of the determination thereof, no action shall be brought by the person entitled to the succeeding interest after the expiration of ten years from the date on which the right of action accrued to the person entitled to the succeeding interest, or ten years from the date on which the right of action accrued to the person entitled to the succeeding interest, whichever period last expires. (3) No person shall bring an action to recover any interest in land under an assurance taking effect after the right of action to recover the land had accrued to the person by whom the assurance was made or some person through whom he claimed or some person entitled to a preceding interest, unless the action is brought within the period during which the person by whom the assurance was made could have brought such an action. (4) Where any person is entitled to any interest in land in possession and, while so entitled, is also entitled to any future interest in that land, and his right to recover the interest in possession is barred under this Law, no action shall be brought by that person or by any person claiming through him, in respect of the future interest, unless in the meantime possession ofthe land has been recovered by a person entitled to an intermediate interest.

6. Provisions in case of land held on trust. (1) Subject to the provisions of section 29 (1) of this Law, the provisions of this Law shall apply to equitable interests in land, including interests in the proceeds of the Sale of land held upon trust for sale, in like manner as they apply to legal interests, and accordingly a right of action to recover land shall for the purposes ofthis Law but not otherwise, be deemed to accrue to a person entitled in possession to such an equitable interest in the like manner and circumstances and on the same date as it would accrue if his interest were a legal interest in the land. (2) Where any land is held by any trustee upon trust, including a trust for sale, and the period prescribed by this Law for the bringing of an action to recover the land by the trustee has expired, the interest of the trustee shall not be extinguished if and so long as the right of action to recover the land of any person entitled to a beneficial interest in the land or in the proceeds of sale either has not accrued or has not been barred by this Law, but if and when every such right has been so barred, the interest of the trustee shall be extinguished. (3) Where any land is held upon trust, including a trust for sale, an action to recover the land may be brought by the trustee on behalf of any person entitled to a beneficial interest in possession in the land or in proceeds of sale whose right of action has not been barred by this Law, notwithstanding that the right of action of the trustee would, apart from this provision, have been barred by this Law. (4) Where any land held upon trust for sale is in the possession of aperson entitled to a beneficial interest in the land or n the proceeds of sale not being a person sqlely and absolutely entitled thereto, no right of action to recover the land shall be deemed for the purposes of this Law to accrue during such possession to any person in whom the land is vested as trustee, or to any person entitled to a beneficial interest in the land or in the proceeds of sale.

7. Accrual of right of action in case of forfeiture or breach of condition. A right of action to recover land by virtue of a forfeiture or breach of condition shall be deemed to have accrued on the date on which the forfeiture was incurred or the condition broken: Provided that, if such a right has accrued to a person entitled to an interest in reversion or remainder and,the land was not recovered by virtue thereof, the right of action to recover the land shall not be deemed to have accrued to that person untp his interest fell into possession, as if no such forfeiture or breach of condition has occurred.

8. Accrual of right of action in case of certain tenancies. (1) A tenancy at will shall, for the purposes of this Law, be deemed to be determined at the expiration of a period of one year from the commencement thereof, unless it has previously been determined, and accordingly the right of action of the person entitled to the land subject to the tenancy shall be deemed to have accrued on the date of such determination. (2) A tenancy from year to year or other period, without a lease in writing shall, for the purposes of this Law be deemed to be determined at the expiration of the first year or other period, and accordingly the right of action of the person entitled to the land subject to the tenancy shall be deemed to have accrued at the date of such determination: Provided that, where any rent has subsequently been received in respect of the tenancy, the right of action shall be deemed to have accrued on the date of the last receipt of rent. (3) Where any person is in possession of land by virtue of a lease in writing by which a rent bf not less than twenty naira per annum, is reserved, and the rent is received by some person- wrongfully claiming to be entitled to the land in reversion immediately expectant on the determination of the lease, and no rent is subsequently received by the person rightfully so entitled, the right of action of the last named person to recover the land shall be deemed to have accrued at the date when the rent was first received by the person wrongfully claiming as aforesaid and not at the date of the determination of the lease.

9. Right of action not to accrue or continue unless there is adverse possession. (1) No right of action to recover land shall be deemed to accrue unless the land is in the possession ofsome person in whose favour the period of limitation can fun (hereafter in this section referred to as “adverse possession”) and where under the foregoing provisions of this Law any such right of action is deemed to accrue on a certain date and no person is in adverse possession on that date, the right of action shall not be deemed to accrue on a certain date and no person is in adverse possession on that date, the right of action shall not be deemed to accrue unless and until adverse possession is taken of the land. (2) Where a right of action to recover land has accrued and thereafter, before the right is barred, the land ceases to be in adverse possession, the right of action shall no longer be deemed to have accrued and no fresh right of action shall be deemed to accrue unless and until the land is again taken into adverse possession. (3) For the purposes of this section, receipt of rent under a lease by a person wrongfully claiming, in accordance with section 8 (3) of this Law, the land in reversion shall be deemed to be adverse possession of the land.

10. Limitation of redemption actions. When a mortgagee of land has been in possession of any of the mortgaged land for a period of ten years, after the expiration of the time fixed for redemption, no action to redeem the land of which the mortgagee has been so in possession shall be thereafter brought to recover it by the mortgagor or any person claiming through him.

11. Limitation applying as between joint owners. When any one or more of several persons entitled to any land or rent as joint tenants or tenants in common shall have been in possession or receipt ofthe entirety or more than his or their undivided share or shares of such land or of the profits thereof or of such rent for his or their own benefit or for the benefit of any person or persons other than the person or persons entitled to the other share or shares of the same land or rent, such possession or receipt shall not be deemed to have been the possession or receipt of or by such last- mentioned person or persons or any of them.

12. Administration to date back to death. For the purposes of the provisions of section 10 of this Law relating to actions to redeem land, an administrator of the estate of a deceased person shall be deemed to claim as if there had been no interval of time between the death of the deceased person and the grant ofthe letters of administration.

13. Transfer of interest in land after expiration of period. At the expiration of the period prescribed by this Law for any person to bring an action to redeem land, the interest of that person in land shall vest in, and subject to the requisite consent under the Land Use Act, shall be transferred to the mortgagee. [LFN Cap. L5.]

14. Limitation of actions to recover money secured by mortgage or a charge or to recover proceeds of the sale of land. (1) No action shall be brought to recover - (a) any principal sum of money secured by a mortgage or other charge on property; or (b) proceeds ofthe sale of land, after the, expiration of ten years from the date when the right to receive the money accrued. (2) No foreclosure action in respect of mortgaged property shall be brought after the expiration of ten years from the date on which the right to foreclose accrued: Provided that if the mortgagee was in possession of the mortgaged property after that date, the right to foreclose on the property which was in his possession shall not be treated as having accrued for the purposes of this subsection until the date on which his possession discontinued. (3) The right to receive any principal sum of money secured by a mortgage or other charge and the right to foreclose on the property subject to the mortgage or charge shall not be deemed to accrue so long as that property comprises any future interest or any life assurance policy which has not matured or been determined (4) Subject to subsections (5) and (6) of this Section, no action to recover - (a) money payable in respect of proceeds of the sale of land; or (b) arrears of interest payable in respect of any sum of money secured by a mortgage or other charge; or (c) damages in respect ofsuch arrears, shall be brought after expiration of ten years from the date on which such money becomes payable of interest becomes due. (5) Where - (a) a priormortgagee or other incumbrancer has been in possession of the property charged; and (b) an action is brought within one year of the discontinuance of that possession by a subsequent incumbrancer, the subsequent ihcumbrancer may recover by that action all the arrears of interest which fell due during the period of possession by the prior incumbrancer or damages in respect to those arrears notwithstanding that the period exceeds ten years. (6) Where - (a) the property subject to the mortgage or charge comprises any future interest or life assurance policy; and (b) it is a term of the mortgage or charge that arrears of interest shall be treated as part ofthe principal sum of money secured by the mortgage or charge, the interest shall not be treated as becoming due before the right to recover the principal sum of money accrued or is treated as having accrued. (7) This section shall not apply to any mortgage or charge on a ship.

15. Time limit for actions founded on judgment. (1) No action shall be brought upon any judgment or on the interest on any judgment debt after the expiration of ten years from the date on which the judgment becomes enforceable or the interest becomes due, as the case may be. (2) For the purpose of subsection (1) of this section, the term “judgment” shall apply to any final judgment for payment of a specific sum of money whether at law or in equity and shall include a judgment on a charge on land.

16. Time limit for actions in respect of trust property. (1) No action by a beneficiary under a trust, being an actio - (a) in respect of any fraud or fraudulent breach of trust to which the trustee was a party or privy; or (b) to recover from the trustee, trust property or the proceeds thereof in the possession of the trustee, or previously received by the trustee and converted to his use, shall be brought after the expiration of ten years from the date on which the right of action accrued: Provided that the right of action shall not be deemed to have accrued to any beneficiary entitled to a future interest in the trust property until the interest fell into possession. (2) No beneficiary as against whom there would be a good defence under this Law shall derive any greater or other benefit from a judgment or order obtained by any other beneficiary than he could have obtained if he had brought the action and this Law had not been pleaded in defence.

17. Time limit of actions in respect of personal estate of a deceased person. Subject to section 16 of this Law - (a) no action in respect of any claim to the estate of a deceased person or to any share or interest in any such estate (whether under a will or on intestacy) shall be brought after the expiration of ten years from the date on which the right to receive the share or interest accrued; and (b) no action to recover arrears of interest in respect of any legacy, or damages in respect of such arrears, shall be brought after the expiration of ten years from the date on which the interest became due.

18. Time limit for actions founded on contract, tort, etc. No action fouuded on contract, tort or any other action not specifically provided for in Parts II and III of this Law shall be brought after the expiration of five years from the date on which the cause of action accrued.

19. Special provision for action in respect of personal injuries. (1) This section applies, notwithstanding anything contained in any other enactment to the contrary, “to actions for damages for negligence, nuisance or breach of duty (whether the duty exists by virtue of a contract or of provisions made by or under an enactment or independently of any contract or any such provision) where the damages claimed by the person for negligence, nuisance or breach of duty consist of or include damages in respect of personal injuries to the plaintiff or any other person. (2) Except where subsection (3) of this section applies, the period of limitation applicable under section 18 in respect of actions to which this section applies shall be reckoned from - (a) he date on which the cause of action accrued; (b) the date of knowledge (if later) ofthe person injured. (3) If the person injured dies before the expiration of the period mentioned in subsection (2) of this section, the period applicable as respects the cause of action surviving for the benefit of his estate shall be five years from - (a) the date of death; or (b) the date, of the personal representative’s knowledge whichever is the later. (4) For the purpose of this section “personal representative” includes any person who is or has been a personal representative of the deceased, including, an executor who has not proved the will (whether or not he has renounced probate) but not anyone appointed only as a special personal representative in relation to settled land, and regard shall be had to the knowledge acquired by such person while a personal representative. (5) If there is more than one personal representative and their dates of knowledge are different, subsection (3) (b) shall be read as referring to the earlier of those dates.

20. Special provision for action in respect of fatal accident. (1) No action claiming damages in respect of a fatal accident shall be brought after the expiration offive years from - (a) the date of death; or (b) the date of knowledge of the person for whose benefit the, action is brought, whichever is later. (2) Where there is more than one person for whose benefit an action is brought under subsection (1) of this section, paragraph (b) of that subsection shall be applied separately to each one of them. (3) Where an action would be outside the limit given by subsection (1) of this section as regards one or more, but not all the dependants for whose benefit it is brought, the court shall direct that any person as regards whom the action would be outside that limit shall be excluded from those for whom the action is brought. (4) The court shall not give such directions if it is shown that if the action was brought exclusively for the benefit of the person in question it would not be defeated by a defence of limitation whether in consequence of any provision dealing with extension of the time limit in cases of disability under Part V of this Law or agreement between the parties not to raise the defence or otherwise.

21. Definition of date of knowledge for the purpose of sections 17 and 18. (1) In sections 19 and 20 of this Law any reference to a person’s date of knowledge is a reference to the date on which he first had knowledge ofthe following facts - (a) that the injury in question was significant; (b) that the injury was attributable in whole or in part to the act or omission which is alleged to constitute negligence, nuisance or breach of duty; (c) the identity of the defendant; and (d) if it is alleged that the act or omission was that of a person other than the defendant, the identity of that person and the additional facts supporting the bringing of an action against the defendant, and knowledge that the act or omission did or did not, as a matter of law, involve negligence, nuisance or breach of duty is irrelevant. (2) For the purposes of this section an injury is significant if the person whose date of knowledge is in question would reasonably have considered it sufficiently serious to justify his instituting proceedings for damages against the defendant who did not dispute liability and was able to satisfy a judgment. (3) For the purposes of this section a person’s knowledge includes knowledge which he might reasonably be expected to acquire - (a) from facts observable or ascertainable by him; or (b) from facts ascertainable by him with the help of medical or other appropriate expert advice which is reasonable for him to seek, but a person shall not be fixed under this subsection with knowledge of a fact ascertainable only with the help of expert advice so long as he had taken all reasonable steps to obtain (and, where appropriate, to act on) that advice, but did not obtain it.

22. Limitation of action in case of successive conversions and extinctions of title. (1) Where - (a) any cause of action in respect of the conversion or wrongful detention of a chattel has accrued to any person; and (b) the period fixed for bringing that action or for bringing any action in respect of such further conversion or unlawful detention as is mentioned in subsection (1) of this section has expired; and (c) the person to whom the right of action accrued has not during that period recovered possession of the chattel, the title of that person to the ownership of the chattel shall be extinguished.

23. Application of this Part to Parts II and IV. Parts II and IV of this Law shall have effect subject to the provisions of this Part.

24. Definition applicable to Parts II to IV. In this part of this Law - (a) “debt” includes any liquidated pecuniary claim; “statute-barred debt” mean is a debt in respect of which the period fixed by this Law for the bringing of an action to recover it has Expired; “successor” means— (i) in relation to a mortgagee, his personal representatives and any other persons on whom the rights under the mortgage devolve, whether on death or bankruptcy or the disposition of the property or determination of a limited interest in settled property or otherwise; (ii) in relation to a person liable in respect of a debt, his personal representatives and any other person on whom the liability in respect of the debt devolves whether on death or bankruptcy or the disposition of the property or the determination of a limited interest in settled property or otherwise; (b) references to a right of action shall include references to - (i) a cause of action; (ii) a right to receive money secured by a mortgage or charge on any property or to recover proceeds of the sale of land; (iii) a right to receive a share or interest in the estate of a deceased person; (c) references to the date ofthe accrual of a right of action shall - (i) in the case of an action for an account, be construed as references to the date on which the matter arose in respect of which an account is claimed; (ii) in the case of an action on a judgment, be construed as references to the date on which the judgment became enforceable; (iii) in the case of an action to recover arrears of rent, be construed as references to the date on which the arrears became due; (d) references to “a debt” shall - (i) in the cage of rent, be construed as references to an assignment of the rent; (ii) in the case of interest, be construed as references to an instalment of the interest; (e) references to a mortgagee who is by virtue of the mortgage in possession of any mortgaged land shall include references to a mortgagee who has obtained possession of the mortgaged land by virtue of an order of the court.

25. Person under a disability. (1) For the purpose of this Law, a person shall be under disability while he is an infant or of unsound mind. (2) For the purpose ofsubsection (1) of this section but without prejudice to the generality thereof, a person shall be conclusively assumed to be of unsound mind while he is detained in pursuance of any enactment authorising the detention of persons of unsound mind or criminal lunatics. detained in pursuance of any enactment authorising the detention of persons of unsound mind or criminal lunatics.

26. Extension of limitation period in case ofdisability. (1) Subject to the following provisions of this section, if on the date when any right of action accrued for which a period of limitation is prescribed by this Law, the person to whom it accrued was under a disability, the action may be brought at any time before the expiration of five years from the date when he ceases to be under a disability or died (whichever event first occurred) notwithstanding that the period of limitation has expired. (2) This section shall not affect any case where the right of action first accrued to some person (not under a disability) through whom the person under a disability claims. (3) When a right of action which has accrued to a person under a disability accrues, on the death of that person while still under a disability to another person under a disability, no further extension oftime shall be allowed by reason ofthe disability ofthe second person. (4) This section shall not apply to any action to recover a penalty or forfeiture, or sum by way of penalty or forfeiture by virtue of the enactment, except where the action is brought by an aggrieved party.

27. Person under confinement. For the purposes of this Law, a person shall be-deemed to be under confinement while he is in detention, or serving a prison sentence or where by reason of an outbreak of hostilities he is unable to commence legal proceedings.

28. Extension of limitation period in case of confinement. If, on the date when any right of action for which a period of limitation is prescribed by this Law accrues, any person in whose favour it accrues is under confinement, the action may be brought at any time before expiration of a period of five years after the date when the person ceases to be under confinement.

29. Absence abroad. (1) Where a person is outside Nigeria when a cause of action accrues in his favour, the relevant period of limitation prescribed under this Law shall not begin to run, until he returns to Nigeria. (2) The provisions of subsection (1) of this section shall not apply in the case of a person whose stay outside Nigeria is due to a flight from justice or self-imposed exile.

30. Fresh accrual of action on the acknowledgement or part payment. (1) Subsections (2) and (3) apply where any right of action (including a foreclosure action) to recover any right of a mortgagee of property to bring a foreclosure action in respect of the property has accrued. (2) If the person in possession of the property in question acknowledges the interest of the person to whom the right of action has accrued, the right shall be treated as having accrued on and not before the date of the acknowledgement. (3) In the case of a foreclosure or other action by a mortgagee, if the person in possession of the property, in question or the person liable for the mortgage debt makes any payment in respect of the debt (whether of principal or interest) the right shall be treated, as having accrued on and before the date of the payment. (4) Where a mortgagee is by virtue of the mortgage in possession of any fnortgaged land and either - (a) receives any sum in respect of the principal or interest of the mortgage debt; or (b) acknowledges the interest ofthe mortgagor, or his equity redemption, an action to redeem the land in his possession may be brought at any time before the expiration of ten years from the date of the payment or acknowledgement. (5) Subject to subsection (6) of this section, where arty right of action has accrued to recover - (a) any debt or other liquidated pecuniary claim; or (b) any claim to the estate of a deceased person or to any share or interest in any such estate, and the person liable or accountable for the claim acknowledges the claim of makes any payment in respect of it, the right shall be treated as having accrued on and not before the date of the ackndwledgement or payment. (6) A payment of a part of the rent or interest due at any time shall not extend the period for claiming the remainder then due, but any payment of interest shall be treated as a payment in respect of the principal debt. (7) Subject to subsection (6) of this section, a current period of limitation may be repeatedly extended under this section by further-acknowledgements or payments but a right of action, once barred by this Law, shall not be revived by any subsequent acknowledgement or payment.

31. Formal provisions as to acknowledgements and part payments. (1) To be effective for the purposes of section 30 of this Law, an acknowledgement must be in writing and signed by the person making it. (2) For the purposes of section 30, any acknowledgement or payment - (a) may be made by the agent of the person by whom it is required to be made under that section; and (b) shall be made to the person, or to an agent of the person, whose interest or claim is being acknowledged or, as the case may be, in respect of whose claim the payment is being made.

32. Effect of acknowledgement or part payment on persons other than the maker or recipients. (1) An acknowledgement of an interest to any mortgaged property by any person in possession of it shall bind all other persons in possession during the ensuing period of imitation. (2) A payment in respect of a mortgage debt by the mortgagor or by any other person liable for the debt, or by any person in possession of the mortgaged property, shall, so far as any right of the mortgagee to foreclose or otherwise to recover the property is concerned, bind all other persons in possession of the mortgaged property during the ensuing period of limitation. (3) Where two or more mortgagees are by virtue of the mortgage in possession of the mortgaged land, an acknowledgement of the mortgagor’s title or of his equity of redemption by one of the mortgagees shall only bind him and his successors and shall not bind any other mortgagee or his successors. (4) Where in the case within subsection (3) the mortgagee by whom the acknowledgement is given is entitled to a part of the mortgaged land and not to any ascertained part of the mortgage debt, the mortgagor shall be entitled to redeem that part of the land on payment with interest ofthe part of the mortgage debt which bears the same proportion to the whole of the debt as the value of the part of the land bears to the whole of the mortgaged land. (5) Where there are two or more mortgagors, and title or equity of redemption of one of the mortgagors is acknowledged as mentioned above in this section, the acknowledgement shall be treated as having been made to all the mortgagors. (6) An acknowledgement of any debt or other liquidated pecuniary claim shall bind all persons liable in respect of the debt or claim. (7) A payment made in respect of any debt or other liquidated pecuniary claim shall bind all persons liable in respect of the debt or claim. (8) An acknowledgement by one of several personal representatives of any claim to the estate of a deceased person or to any share or interest in any such estate, or a payment by one of several personal representatives in respect of any such claim, shall bind the estate ofthe deceased person. (9) In this section “successor”, in relation to any mortgagee or person liable in respect of any debt or Claim, means his personal representatives and any other person on whom the rights under the mortgage or, as the case may be, the liability in respect of the debt or claim devolves whether on death, or bankruptcy, or the transfer of property, or the determination of a limited right, or interest in settled property or otherwise.

33. Postponement of limitation period in case of fraud, concealment or mistake. (1) Subject to subsection (4), where in the case of any action for which a period of limitation is prescribed by this Law, either - (a) the action is based upon the fraud of the defendant; or (b) any fact relevant to the plaintiff’s right of action has been deliberately concealed from him by the defendant; or (c) is for relief from the consequences of a mistake, the period of limitation shall not begin to run until the plaintiff has discbvered the fraud, concealment or mistake (as the case may be) or could with reasonable diligence have discovered it. (2) References in subsection (1) of this section to the defendant include references to the defendant’s agent and to any person through whom the defendant claims and his agent. (3) For the purposes of subsection (1) of this section, deliberate commission of a breach of duty in circumstances in which it is unlikely to be discovered for some time amounts to deliberate concealment of the facts involved in the breach of duty. (4) Nothing in this section shall enable any action - (a) to recover, or recover the value of any property; or (b) to enforce any charge against, or set aside any transaction affecting any property, to be brought against the purchaser of the property or any person claiming though him in any case where the property has been purchased for valuable consideration by an innocent third party since the fraud or concealment or (as the case may be) the transaction in which the mistake was made took place. (5) A purchaser is an innocent third party for the purpose of this section - (a) in the case of fraud or concealment of any fact relevant to the plaintiff’s right of action, if he was not a party to the fraud or (as the case may be) to the concealment of that fact and did not at the time of the purchase know or have reason to believe that the fraud or concealment had taken place; and (b) in the case of mistake, if he did not at the time of the purchase know or have reason to believe that the mistake had been made.

34. Interpretation of Part VI. In this part ofthis Law - "arbitration" means an arbitration to which the Arbitration Law applies; "award" means an award to which the Arbitration Law applies; "court" includes the High Court; "submission" means a written agreement to submit, present or future differences to arbitration, whether an arbitrator is named therein or not.

35. Commencement of arbitration. (1) For the purpose of this Law an arbitration shall be deemed to have commenced when one party to the submission serves on the other party a written notice requiring him to appoint or concur in appointing an arbitrator, or where the submission provides that the reference be to a person named or designated therein, requiring him or them to submit the dispute to the person so named or designated. (2) A notice under subsection (1) of this section iriay be served - (a) by delivering it to the person on whom it is to be served; (b) by leaving it at the place in Nigeria at which that person ordinarily resides or carries on business; (c) by sending it by registered post in an envelope addressed to that person at the place in Nigeria at which he ordinarily resides or carries on business; (d) in any other manner ordered by the Court or provided for in the submission. (3) For the purposes of this section, a company registered under the law for the time being in force relating to registered companies shall be deemed to carry on business at its registered office in Nigeria and every other body corporated and every unincorporated body shall be deemed to carry on business at its principal office or place of business in Nigeria.

36. Application of Law to arbitrations. This Law shall apply to arbitrations as it applies to actions in the Court

37. Power of Court to extend time. Where the Court orders that an award be set aside, or orders after the commencement of an arbitration that the arbitration shall cease to have effect with respect to the dispute referred, the Court may further order that the period between the commencement of the arbitration and the date of the order of the Court shall be excluded in computing the time fixed by this Law or any other limitation enactment for the commencement of proceedings (including arbitration) with respect to the dispute referred.

38. Application of the Part V to arbitration under other enactments. This part of this Law shall apply to an arbitration under an enactment as well as to an arbitration pursuant to a submission, and section 35 of this Law shall have effect in relation to an arbitration under an enactment as if, for the references to a submission, there were substituted references to such of the provisions of the enactment or of any order scheme, rules, regulations or by-laws made thereunder as relate to; the arbitration.

39. Saving for other enactments. This Law shall not apply to any arbitration - (a) for which a period of limitation is fixed by any other enactment; or (b) to which the State were a private individual, a period of limitation would be fixed by any other enactment.

40. Arbitrations. Nothing in this Law shall affect an arbitration commenced before the commencement of this Law or the title to any property which is the subject of such arbitration.

41. Special limits for claiming contributions. (1) Where under any enactment any person becomes entitled to bright to recover contribution in respect of any damage from any other person, no action to recover contribution by virtue of that right shall be brought after the expiration of five years from the date on which that right accrued. (2) For the purposes of this section the date on which a right to recover contribution in respect of any damage accrues to any person (referred to in this sectipn as “the relevant date”) shall be ascertained as provided in subsections (3) and (4) of this section. (3) If the person in question is held liable in espect of that damage - (a) by a judgment given in any civil proceedings; or (b) by an award made by any arbitration, the relevant date shall be the date on which the judgment is given, or the date of the award (as the case may be): Provided that for the purposes of this subsection no account shall be taken of any judgment or award given or made on appeal in so far as it varies the amount of damages awarded against the person in question. (4) If, in any case not within subsection (3) of this section, the person in question makes or agrees to make any payment to one or more persons in compensation for that damage (whether he admits any liability in respect of the damage or not), the relevant date shall be the earliest date on which the amount to be paid by him is agreed between him (or his representative) and the person (or each of the persons, as the case may be) to whom the payment is made.

42. Time limit for actions against the State and public authorities and officer. Notwithstanding anything contained in any other enactment or rule of law to the contrary all actions to which this Law applies howsoever arising against the State or against any State public authority, or officer thereof or any person acting in the stead of such public authority or officer thereof, for anything done or intended or omitted to be done in pursuance or execution of any such act, duty or authority or in. respect'of any neglect or default in the execution of any Such act, duty or authority shall be commenced within the same period of time after the cause of action arose as if such action were brought by or against a private individual.

43. Exclusion of this Law. (1) This Law shall not apply to - (a) any proceedings for the recovery of any sum due in respect of a tax which is payable to the State Board of Inland Revenue; or (b) any proceedings for the recovery of any fine or penalty incurred in connection with any such tax; or (c) any proceedings by or on behalf of the State Governor for the recovery of possession of land vested in him by virtue of the provisions of the Land Use Act; or (d) any proceedings for the recovery of any rent due under any grant made under the provisions of the Land Use Act; or (e) any matter which is subject to the jurisdiction of a customary court or area court relating to marriage, family status, guardianship of children, inheritance or disposition of property on death; or (f) any proceedings in respect of easements and profits a prendre. (2) Nothing in this Law shall affect any equitable jurisdiction to refuse relief on the ground of acquiescence or any other equitable defence. (3) For the purposes of this Law, any claim by way ofset-off or counterclaim shall be deemed to be a separate action and to have been commenced on the date on which the set-off or counterclaim is made.